Real

True Narratives

We sailed from New York, and arrived in Liverpool after a pleasant voyage of twelve days. We proceeded directly to London, and took lodgings at the Adelaide Hotel. The supper seemed to me less luxurious than those I had seen in American hotels; but my situation was indescribably more pleasant. For the first time in my life I was in a place where I was treated according to my deportment, without reference to my complexion. I felt as if a great millstone had been lifted from my breast. Ensconced in a pleasant room, with my dear little charge, I laid my head on my pillow, for the first time, with the delightful consciousness of pure, unadulterated freedom. [Harriet Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861), Chapter XXXVII, “A Visit to England”.]

Race and ethnicity in history

History contains many uplifting narratives of racial and ethnic acceptance and inclusion. However, because racial and ethnic exclusion has been so pervasive and so destructive, I offer the following as examples of our too-often tragic history. Only time and space prevent a much more extensive catalogue. I will begin with some general treatments of the subject.

• Stephen E. Cornell and Douglas Hartmann, Ethnicity and Race:Making Identities in a Changing World (Pine Forge Press, 2006).
• Stephen Spencer, Race and Ethnicity: Identity, Culture and Society (Routledge, 2006).
• Elizabeth Higginbotham and Margaret L. Anderson, Race and Ethnicity in Society: The Changing Landscape (Wadsworth, 2008).
• Martin N. Marger, Race and Ethnic Relations: American and Global Perspectives (Wadsworth, 2008).
• Raymond Scupin, Race and Ethnicity: An Anthropological Focus on the United States and the World (Prentice Hall, 2002).
• Richard Rodriguez, Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez (1982).
• Thomas Chatterton Williams, Self-Portrait in Black and White: Unlearning Race (W.W. Norton & Co., 2019): “Williams married a white woman and both their children were born with blond hair and blue eyes. Are they, too, black by the one-drop rule? In questioning their determinative race, he has plumbed not only his own but also the complexity of racial identity for people outside the prevalent white/nonwhite binary.”
• Daniel Okrent, The Guarded Gate: Bigotry, Eugenics, and the Law That Kept Two Generations of Italians, Jews, and Other European Immigrants Out of America (Scribner, 2019): “Okrent’s is largely an intellectual history — if we can use that term to describe the shoddy thinking of his subjects — of nativist ideology and ideologues from the mid-19th century to the first comprehensive immigration restriction law of 1924.”
• Edward Ball, Life of a Klansman: A Family History in White Supremacy (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2020): “. . . Edward Ball recounts the saga of his great-great-grandfather, an embittered racist, in an attempt to understand the history of white supremacy in America.”
• Seyward Darby, Sisters in Hate: American Women on the Front Lines of White Nationalism (Little, Brown & Co., 2020): “Seyward Darby spent several years trying to fathom what moves women to support white supremacy, the belief that America should remain a predominantly white country governed by white people.”
• Mia Bay, Traveling Black: A Story of Race and Resistance (The Belknap Press of Harvard University, 2021): “. . . the question of literal movement becomes a way to understand the civil rights movement writ large.”
• Clint Smith, How the Word Is Passed: A Reckoning With the History of Slavery Across America (Little, Brown and Company, 2021): “. . . Clint Smith visits nine places that memorialize or distort their link to the legacy of slavery, from Monticello, in Charlottesville, Va., to the African Burial Ground in Lower Manhattan. He skillfully braids interviews with scholarship and personal observation, asking, 'How different might our country look if all of us fully understood what had happened here?'”
• Randall Kennedy, Say It Loud!: On Race, Law, History, and Culture (Pantheon, 2021): “. . . Kennedy, as a legal scholar and law professor to the nth degree, is uncompromisingly disinclined to partisanship over reflection.”
• Wil Haygood, Colorization: One Hundred Years of Black Films in a White World (Knopf, 2021) “tells the story of Black artists in the film industry, those in front of and behind the camera, over more than a century.”
• Nikole Hannah-Jones, Caitlin Roper, Ilena Silverman and Jake Silverstein, eds., The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story (One World, 2021): “. . . a wide-ranging, landmark summary of the Black experience in America: searing, rich in unfamiliar detail, exploring every aspect of slavery and its continuing legacy, in which being white or Black affects everything from how you fare in courts and hospitals and schools to the odds that your neighborhood will be bulldozed for a freeway.”
• Christina Sharpe, Ordinary Notes (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2023) “comprises memories, observations, artifacts and artworks — fragments attesting to the persistence of prejudice while allowing glimpses of something like hope.”
• Farah Karim-Cooper, The Great White Bard: How to Love Shakespeare While Talking About Race (Viking, 2023): “takes a necessary look under the hood of the plays, delving into the Elizabethan and Renaissance ideals of race and how Shakespeare helped shape and define them. 'Instead of worshiping his words,' Karim-Cooper writes, interrogating them 'allows us to confront crucial questions of our day.'”

Building a post-racial United States:

• Condoleezza Rice, Extraordinary, Ordinary People:A Memoir of Family (Crown Archetype, 2010).
• Michael Tesler and David O. Sears, Obama’s Race:The 2008 Election and the Dream of a Post-Racial America (University of Chicago Press, 2010).
• Touré, Who’s Afraid of Blackness?What It Means to Be Black Now (Free Press, 2011).
• Ta-Nehisi Coates, We Were Eight Years in Power: An American Traged (One World, 2017): “. . .  the price of that ticket has been a steady and at times surprising backlash, resulting in what Coates ultimately and provocatively calls ‘America’s first white president’ in Donald Trump.”
• Ta-Nehisi Coates, Between the World and Me (Spiegel & Grau, 2015): “. . .  it is . . . written in the form of a letter to a black teenage boy. The boy is Coates’s 15-year-old son, who — like Baldwin’s nephew — is trying to make sense of blatant racial injustice and come to grips with his place in a world that refuses to guarantee for him the freedoms that so many others take for granted.”
• Margo Jefferson, Negroland: A Memoir (Pantheon, 2015): “In part it’s a history of the upper strata of black society in America. . . . In part it’s also her own story, and a primer on being what she calls a ‘Good Negro Girl’ in the 1940s, ’50s and early ’60s.”
• Mira Jacob, Good Talk: A Memoir in Conversations (One World, 2019): “The book lives up to its title, and reading these searching, often hilarious tête-à-têtes — with her parents and brother, confidantes and strangers, employers and exes — is as effortless as eavesdropping on a crosstown bus.”
• Allyson Hobbs, A Chosen Exile: A History of Racial Passing in American Life (Harvard University Press, 2014): “To be black but to be perceived as white is to find yourself, at times, in a racial no man’s land.”

General histories of genocide

• Ben Kiernan, Blood and Soil:A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur (Yale University Press), 2007.
• Jacques Semelin, Purify and Destroy: The Political Uses of Massacre and Genocide (Columbia University Press, 2007).
• Frank Chalk and Kurt Johasson, The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies (Yale University Press, 1990).
• Robert Gellately and Ben Kiernan, eds., The Specter of Genocide:Mass Murder in Historical Perspective (Cambridge University Press).
• Stanley J. Tambieh, Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia (University of California, 1997).
• Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Worse than War: Genocide, Eliminationism and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity (PublicAffairs, 2009).
• Julián Herbert, House of the Pain of Others: Chronicle of a Small Genocide (Graywolf Press, 2019): “. . .  the story of a ‘small genocide’ that took place in the city of Torreón, over the course of three days in 1911, during the Mexican Revolution. Three hundred Chinese immigrants were shot and bludgeoned to death in the streets, their corpses mutilated, their belongings, businesses and homes ransacked.”
• Scholastique Mukasonga, Cockroaches (Archipelago Books, 2016): “Against the onrush of numbing numbers that often accompany atrocities—100 days, 500,000 to 1,000,000 dead, for instance—Mukasonga’s attention to those granular and indigestible names offers an alternative to the more antiseptic studies of the genocide and leaves us with an intentionally troubling book.”
• Benny Morris and Dror Ze’evi, The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey’s Destruction of Its Chritian Minorities, 1894-1914 (Harvard University Press, 2019): “Their narrative offers a subtle diagnosis of why, at particular moments over a span of three decades, Ottoman rulers and their successors unleashed torrents of suffering.”
• Mondiant Dogon, Those We Throw Away are Diamonds: A Refugee’s Search for Home (Penguin Press, 2021): in Dogon’s “memoir of the Rwandan genocide, he reminds himself that for every neighbor who used the post-genocide turmoil as an opportunity to loot and rape, there was a local villager, a stranger on the road, who warned his family members of approaching danger, hid them at great personal risk and treated their wounds.”
• Tahir Hamut Izgil, Waiting to be Arrested at Night: A Uyghur Poet’s Memoir of China’s Genocide (Penguin Press, 2023) “evokes the fear and danger of daily life for a Chinese ethnic minority that has been the target of a brutal crackdown.”

Genocide against and oppression of indigenous populations in the Americas during the age of exploration

• David E. Stannard, American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World (Oxford University Press, 1992.)
• Ward Churchill, A Little Matter of Genocide: Holocaust and Denial in the Americas, 1492 to the Present (City Lights Books, 1998).
• John E. Kicza, Resilient Cultures: America's Native Peoples Confront European Colonization, 1500-1800 (Prentice Hall, 2002).
• James Lockhart and Enrique Otte, eds., Letters and People of the Spanish Indies: Sixteenth Century (Cambridge University Press, 1976).
• Gary Clayton Anderson, The Conquest of Texas: Ethnic Cleansing in the Promised Land, 1820-1875 (University of Oklahoma Press, 2005).

Genocide against Native American peoples in the United States

• Clifford E. Trafzer and Joel R. Hyer, Exterminate Them: Written Acounts of the Murder, Rape, and Slavery of Native Americans During the California Gold Rush, 1848-1868 (Michigan State University Press, 1999).
• James Wilson, The Earth Shall Weep: A History of Native America (Atlantic Monthly Press, 1999).
• Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West (Henry Holt & Co., 2001).
• Kent Nerburn, Chief Joseph & the Flight of the Nez Perce: The Untold Story of an American Tragedy (Harper One, 2005).
• Lucullus Virgil McWhorter, Yellow Wolf: His Own Story (Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1984).
• Merrill D. Beal, I Will Fight No More Forever:Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce War (University of Washington Press, 1966).
• Ward Churchill, Since Predator Came: Notes from the Struggle for American Indian Liberation (AK Press, 2005).
• Ward Churchill, Struggle for the Land: Native North American Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide, and Colonization (City Light Books, 2nd Revised Edition, 2002).
• Ward Churchill, Fantasies of the Master Race: Literature, Cinema and the Colonization of American Indians (Common Courage Press, 2002).
• James F. Brooks, Captives and Cousins: Slavery, Kinship, and Community in the Southwest Borderlands (University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
• Eric E. Bowne, The Westo Indians: Slave Traders in the Early Colonial South (University of Alabama Press, 2005).
• Claudio Saunt, The Unworthy Republic: The Dispossession of Native Americans and the Road to Indian Territory (Norton, 2020), “describes how the boats functioned as instruments of American expansion and — for the slaves and Indigenous people forced to travel on them — ‘as floating prisons.’ The policy known as Indian Removal was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson in 1830. Transporting so many people up western rivers entailed squeezing them into cramped quarters, where diseases proliferated and a burst boiler could scald hundreds to death in an instant.”

Slavery and racial division in the United States

• Isabel Wilkerson, Caste: The Origins of Our Discontent (Random House, 2020): “Wilkerson’s book is about how brutal misperceptions about race have disfigured the American experiment.”
• William L. Andrews and Henry Louis Gates, eds., Slave Narratives (Library of America, 2000).
• Charles Fuller and Donald Yacavone, Freedom’s Journey: African American Voices of the Civil War (Lawrence Hill Books, 2004).
• Spencer R. Crew, Lonnie G. Bunch & Clement A. Price, Memories of the Enslaved: Voices from the Slave Narratives (Praeger, 2015).
• Leslie Howard Owens, This Species of Property: Slave Life and Culture in the Old South (Oxford University Press, 1976).
• John Patrick Daly, When Slavery Was Called Freedom: Evangelicalism, Proslavery, and the Causes of the Civil War (University of Kentucky Press, 2002).
• John R. McKivigan and Mitchell Snay, eds., Religion and the Antebellum Debate over Slavery (University of Georgia Press, 1998).
• Paul Finkelman, Defending Slavery: Proslavery Thought in the Old South: A Brief History with Documents (Bedford/St. Martin's, 2003).
• Drew Gilpin Faust, The Ideology of Slavery (Louisiana State University Press, 1982).
• Charles Reagan Wilson, Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Last Cause, 1865-1920 (University of Georgia Press, 1980).
• Shane White and Graham White, The Sounds of Slavery: Discover African American History through Songs, Sermons, and Speech (Beacon Press, 2005).
• Alan Gallay, The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717 (Yale University Press, 2002).
• Trevor Burnard, Mastery, Tyranny, and Desire: Thomas Thistlewood and His Slaves in the Anglo-Jamaican World (University of North Carolina Press, 2003).
• Steven Deyle, Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life (Oxford University Press, 2005).
• Sylvanie Diouf, Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America (Oxford University Press, 2007).
• Sylvanie Diouf, Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas (NYU Press, 1998).
• Adam Rothman, Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South (Harvard University Press, 2005).
• Charles T. Davis & Henry Louis Gates, Jr., eds., The Slave’s Narrative (Oxford University Press, 1985).
• Frederick Douglass, Frederick Douglass Ultimate Collecction: Autobiographies, 50+ Speeches, Articles & Letters (e-artnow, 2nd dition, 2018).
• David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (Simon & Schuster, 2018): a verbal portrait of the man
• W. E. B. DuBois, Writings (Library of America, 1996).
• Works Projects Administration, Slave Narratives: a Folk History of Slavery in the United States From Interviews with Former Slaves, part 2, part 3, part 4, part 5. part 6, part 7, part 8, in multiple parts, various publishers and publication dates.
• Herb Boyd, Black Detroit: A People’s History of Self-Determination (Amistad/HarperCollins, 2017): celebrating “the freedom fighters on history’s margins”
• Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow (Penguin Press, 2019): “The book sets the Obama era beside Reconstruction and the Trump era beside the white supremacist terrorism of Redemption, the period beginning in 1877 during which Reconstruction’s nascent, biracial democracy was largely dismantled.” 
• Tressie McMillan Cottom, Thick: And Other Essays (The New Press, 2019): “. . . sociology professor McMillan Cottom offers profound and expansive cultural commentary, in essays epigraphed by figures ranging from Foucault to Malcolm X to Migos — reflecting the author’s skillful interweaving of the academic with the popular, all informed by blackness.” 
• Andrew Delblanco, The War Before the War: Fugitive Slaves and the Struggle for America’s Soul from the Revolution to the Civil War (Penguin Press, 2018): “Delbanco aims to balance his antislavery allegiances with caution about the smugness that can come with historical hindsight.” 
• Candacy Taylor, Overground Railroad: The Green Book and the Roots of Black Travel in America (Abrams, 2020) “The Green Book, which was published for 30 years, listed largely black-owned eateries, hotels, gas stations, stores, nightclubs and other businesses where African-Americans were welcome.”
• Gretchen Sorin, Driving While Black: African American Travel and the Road to Civil Rights (Liveright, 2020) “is more focused on the history of African-American car ownership and travel, exploring why both have been so important to African-American life. She notes that most blacks couldn’t buy homes owing to racist laws and practices, and an automobile was often their most significant purchase”.
• Dawn Turner, Three Girls from Bronzeville: A Uniquely American Memoir of Race, Fate, and Sisterhood (Simon & Schuster, 2021): ". . . a textured portrait of a moment in time in a particular place: the 1970s in Bronzeville, a neighborhood on the South Side of Chicago that was the landing place for most of the city’s hundreds of thousands of new Black residents who’d fled the terrorism of the Jim Crow South beginning in the early 20th century."
• Kristin Henning, The Rage of Innocence: How America Criminalizes Black Youth (Pantheon, 2021): “. . . Kristin Henning believes in the redemptive power of storytelling.”
• Kerri K. Greenidge, The Grimkes: The Legacy of Slavery in an American Family (Liveright, 2022), is “a nuanced, revisionist account of an American family best known for a pair of white abolitionist sisters.”
• Edward J. Larsen, American Inheritance: Liberty and Slavery in the Birth of a Nation, 1765-1795 (W.W. Norton & Company, 2023): “A key lesson from Larson’s narrative is that ages past were not benighted by a lack of knowledge of the immorality of race-based slavery. . . . influential white Americans knew — and understood — that slavery was wrong and liberty was precious, but chose not to act according to that knowledge and that understanding.”

The epic disaster of so-called Reconstruction in the United States:

• Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (HarperCollins Publishers, 1988).
• Eric Foner, The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution (W.W. Norton & Company, 2019): the silver lining in a dark sky.
• Hans L. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson: A Biography (1989)
• David W. Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Belknap/Harvard Press, 2001).
• Philip Dray, Capitol Men: The Epic Story of Reconstruction Through the Lives of the First Black Congressmen (Mariner, 2010).
• Michael W. Fitzgerald, Splendid Failure: Postwar Reconstruction in the American South (Ivan R. Dee, 2007).
• James Alex. Baggett, The Scalawags: Southern Dissenters in the Civil War and Reconstruction (Louisiana State University Press, 2003).
• J. Langguth, After Lincoln: How the North Won the Civil War and Lost the Peace (Simon & Schuster, 2014).
• Heather Cox Richardson, West from Appomattox: The Reconstruction of America After the Civil War (Yale University Press, 2007).
• Here is a reading list from the U.S. Society for Intellectual History.

Various histories of slavery and oppression

• Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death:A Comparative Study (Harvard University Press, 1982).
• David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (Cornell University Press, 1966).
• David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823 (Oxford University Press, 1999).
• David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Emancipation (Alfred A. Knopf, 2014): completing a trilogy.
• Kevin Bale, Understanding Global Slavery: A Reader (University of California Press, 2005).
• Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Ninõ Famines and the Making of the Third World (Verso, 2001).
• Bernard Lewis, Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry (Oxford University Press, 1990).
• Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa (Cambridge University Press, Second Edition, 2000).
• Joseph C. Miller, Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, 1730-1830 (University of Wisconsin Press, 1988).
• Robin Blackburn, The Making of New World Slavery:From the Baroque to the Modern 1492-1800 (Verso, 1997).
• James F. Searing, West African Slavery and Atlantic Commerce:The Senegal River Valley,, 1700-1860 (Cambridge University Press), 2003).
• Herbert S. Klein, The Atlantic Slave Trade: New Approaches to the Americas (Cambridge University Press, 1999).
• Carl N. Degler, Neither Black Nor White: Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and the United States (Prentice Hall Div., 1971).
• Robert Edgar Conrad, Children of God's Fire: A Documentary History of Black Slavery in Brazil (Princeton University Press, 1984).
• Philip D. Curtin, Africa Remembered: Narratives by West Africans from the Era of the Slave Trade (University of Wisconsin Press, 1967).
• Walter Johnson, The Chattel Principle: Internal Slave Trades in the Americas (Yale University Press, 2005).
• Thomas E. J. Wiedemann, Greek and Roman Slavery (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981).
• N. R. E. Fisher, Slavery in Classical Greece (Duckworth Publishers, 2001).
• Peter Garnsey, Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine (W.B. Stanford Memorial Lectures) (Cambridge University Press, 1996).
• Jesse Sage and Liora Kasten, Enslaved: True Stories of Modern Day Slavery (Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).
• Steven Hahn, A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration (Belknap Press, 2005).

Genocide against the Jewish people during the Nazi Holocaust

• Saul Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, Volume 1: The Years of Persecution 1933-1939 (Harper Collins Publishers, 1997).
• Saul Friedländer, The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939-1945 (Harper Collins Publishers, 2007).
• David Engel, The Holocaust: The Third Reich and the Jews (Longman, 1999).
• Yitzhak Arad, et. al., Eds., Documents on the Holocaust: Selected Sources on the Destruction of the Jews of Germany and Austria, Poland, and the Soviet Union (University of Nebraska Press, 8th edition, 1999).

A multi-media presentation is also available on CD-ROM from University of North Carolina Press, entitled "Into That Dark Night: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933-1939" (2003). Films on the subject include the massive ten-hour documentary "Shoah" (1985), "The Sorrow and the Pity" (1972), and "Night and Fog" (1955).

A great many individual narratives of the Holocaust have been written. They could easily be included here, but I have chosen instead to list them under the heading of resilience.

Images from Babi Yar and an account of the massacre

"Ethnic cleansing" in Eastern Europe in the 1980's

• Michael A. Sells, The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia (University of California Press, 1996).
• Thomas Cushman and Stepjan Mestrovic, This Time We Knew: Western Responses to Genocide in Bosnia (New York University Press, 1996).
• Norman Cigar, Genocide in Bosnia: The Policy of "Ethnic Cleansing" (Texas A&M University Press, 1995).
• Norman E. Naimark, Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth Century Europe (Harvard University Press, 2001).

Genocide among the Tutsis and Hutus in Rwanda

• Philip Gourevitch, We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will be Killed With Our Families: Stories from Rwanda ( Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998).
• Jean Hatzfield, Machete Season: The Killers in Rwanda Speak (Picador, 2006).

Genocide in Darfur and the Sudan

• M. W. Daly, Darfur’s Sorrow:A History of Destruction and Genocide (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
• Samuel Totten and Eric Markusen, eds., Genocide in Darfur: Investigating the Atrocities in the Sudan (Routledge, 2006).

This could be a much longer list. I will spare the reader of that.

Graphic images of racial and ethnic violence are linked below. I caution you, dear reader, of the graphic content of this material:

• "Strange Fruit"
• Omaha, Nebraska, 1919

Histories on ethnicity

• Edward Berenson, The Accusation: Blood Libel in an American Town (W.W. Norton & Company, 2019): “In the fall of 1928, the Republican Herbert Hoover ran against the Democrat Al Smith, a flamboyant former New York governor who had the effrontery to be Catholic and a son of immigrants. Hoover was too cautious to bash Catholics himself, but his Protestant supporters — ministers, politicians, journalists — had no such qualms. The wrath of the antipapists soon poured out on immigrants in general, including Jews.”

Technical and Analytical Readings

• Amy Chua, Political Tribes: Group Instinct and the Fate of Nations (Penguin Press, 2018): “Chua’s message: Ethnocultural rivalry powerfully shapes both international relations and domestic policy. Ethnocultural rivalry will not be reasoned away. Its divisions are hard-wired into the human brain. The American reluctance to recognize this truth, Chua continues, derives from the country’s own unique inheritance, which optimistically insists that the nation’s internal divisions can and must be melted down into a shared ideology of Americanism.”

Photographs

Documentary and Educational Films

• The Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till, about a black teenager from Chicago who dared to speak to a white woman in the American South
• The Life and Times of Hank Greenberg, on the Jewish home run hitter of the segregated America of the 1930s
• 4 Little Girls: Spike Lee’s documentary on four young black girls killed in a church bombing in Alabama, and the deplorable, hypocritical attitude of then-governor George Wallace
• Little Rock Central High: 50 Years Later
• Scottsboro: An American Tragedy
• The Murder of Fred Hampton: a documentary about the killing of a Black Panther by Chicago police
• Fordson: Faith, Fasting, Football: this story about a high school football team “proudly affirms the American dream, reclaiming it for Muslims who see no conflict between their patriotism and their faith.”
• I for India: this documentary film about an Indian physician who emigrates to Great Britain explores the “often rocky road for Indian expatriates in the United Kingdom”
• Shoah, a nine-part documentary on the Holocaust
• The Order of Myths, a documentary on racial segregation at Mardi Grasin Mobile, Alabama
• A Film Unfinished: a documentary on a Nazi propagandaintended to portray Jews as callous and immoral
• The Cats of Mirikitani: an elderly manwho was interred in a Japanese resettlement camp in the United States during World War II reflects on the discrimination and abuse he experienced.
• race and ethnicity: panel discussion
• race and ethnicity in the Ecuadorian Andes
• beyond the 11th
• The myth of the post-racial society
• politics of immigration in the European Union
• Idlewild's Rapture
• Japanese-American internment
• I Am Not Your Negro, documenting the extraordinary frank and courageous statements of James Baldwin